|
 |
|
ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
|
| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 21
| Issue : 1 | Page : 41-45 |
| |
Oral submucous fibrosis: A quantitative assessment of serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and correlation with clinical staging
Ratnakar Bale1, Kiran Kumar Kattappagari2, Desai Vidya3, Sivapradobh Vuddandi3, Charani Gummalla4, Venkata Ramana Reddy Baddam2
1 Department of Oral Pathology, KIMS Dental College and Hospital, Chaitanya Health City, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India
2 Department of Oral Pathology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
3 Department of Biochemistry, NRI Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
4 Internship, St. Joseph Dental College, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| Date of Submission | 10-Jan-2017 |
| Date of Acceptance | 23-Jan-2017 |
| Date of Web Publication | 5-Apr-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Ratnakar Bale
Department of Oral Pathology, KIMS Dental College and Hospital, Chaitanya Health City, Amalapuram - 512 007, Andhra Pradesh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_214_16
 Abstract | | |
Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a progressive disorder affecting the oral mucosa. OSMF predominantly seen in South-east Asian countries. There are some biochemicals parameters which are modify in oral submucous fibrosis; this alteration can be used as a tool for diseases progress and avert malignant transformation.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum malondialdehyde (malondialdehyde [MDA]), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in oral sub mucous fibrosis cases and compare clinical stages.
Materials and Methods: Thirty cases of clinical and histopathological established oral submucous fibrosis and thirty cases of nonsymptomatic features of oral submucous fibrosis preferred as controls. Venous blood was collected and separation of serum for estimation of MDA and SOD levels was done using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using SPSS software using Student's t-test and Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test.
Results: Serum MDA levels were elevated when clinical staging increases, where as SOD levels were decreased when clinical stage increases when compared with control cases and it showed stastically significant.
Conclusion: Estimation of serum MDA and SOD in patients with OSMF, we can assess the degree of oxidative damage of the disease. This can be used as an early diagnostic tool for preventing malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis.
Keywords: Clinical staging, malondialdehyde, oral submucous fibrosis, superoxide dismutase
How to cite this article:
Bale R, Kattappagari KK, Vidya D, Vuddandi S, Gummalla C, Baddam VR. Oral submucous fibrosis: A quantitative assessment of serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and correlation with clinical staging. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017;21:41-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Bale R, Kattappagari KK, Vidya D, Vuddandi S, Gummalla C, Baddam VR. Oral submucous fibrosis: A quantitative assessment of serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and correlation with clinical staging. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 27];21:41-5. Available from: https://www.jomfp.in/text.asp?2017/21/1/41/203775 |
| Introduction | |  |
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is an insidious, chronic disease affecting any part of the oral cavity, sometimes pharynx and esophagus.[1] It is characterized by mucosal rigidity of varying intensity due to the fibro–elastic transformation of the juxta-epithelial layer, resulting in a progressive inability to open the mouth.[2] The first complete description of disease was defined by Schwartz (1952) as “Atrophia Idiopathica (tropica) Mucosae Oris “ on five Indian women in Kenya.[3] However, the existence of such a disease and its presentation in oral cavity was also evident in ancient Indians, which was documented by Sushruta who described it as “VIDARI,” a disease of mouth and throat in which progressive narrowing of mouth opening, depigmentation of oral mucosa and pain on taking food were noted.[4]
The etiology of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is still perplexing the dental research scholars. Chili consumption, nutritional deficiency, areca nut chewing, genetic susceptibility, altered salivary constituent, autoimmunity and collagen disorders have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition.[2] However, liberation of arecoline in chewed areca nut is regarded as the main etiological agent for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF)[5] The disease has a very specific predilection to races, geographic areas and individuals.[6] Indians and South East Asians are most predominantly affected by the disease[7] Further, persistent habits can leads to malignant transformation, it will be varies because of immune status of individuals.[8] At present, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is considered as a potential malignant disorder, with malignant transformation rates as high as 7.6% have been reported from the Indian subcontinent over a 17 years period cohort study.[9] This malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) was first recorded by Paymaster in 1956,[10] which paved the way for extensive exploration in this field toward identifying the factors that predispose to this condition.
Central for all chemical carcinogenesis is relied on the formation of DNA adduct and thereby causing DNA damage.[11] Cellular responses to DNA damage in mammalian cells include DNA repair, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, mutagenesis and transformation to malignancy. These processes are either fundamental to maintaining the integrity of the cell or they set the cell on a path to mortality or malignancy.[12] Thus, the analysis of interactions between carcinogens and DNA and their biological consequences of these reactions necessitate for better understanding the early stages of the carcinogenic process.
There exists evidence for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced lipid peroxidation on chewing tobacco, pan masala, etc.[13] This ROS-induced lipid peroxidation may characteristically produce deoxynucleic acid malondialdehyde (DNA-MDA) adduct, and there by results in loss of cellular homeostasis.[14] Therefore, the levels of MDA in serum/tissue/saliva of OSMF patients mark the extent of cellular damage caused by lipid peroxidation occurring in these individuals and may act as a marker for biomonitoring cellular damage caused by free radicals in these individuals. Further, the scenario may be exaggerated if there is a scarcity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) as these enzymes protect cells from damage caused through ROS during normal metabolism and also prevent accumulation of ROS after exposure to oxidative stress.
There are some exist studies which indicate the excessive production of ROS and thereby causing increased levels of MDA[15] and reduced the antioxidant enzyme levels such as SOD in OSMF.[16] However, to our present knowledge, there exists few studies in which they compare the levels of serum MDA and SOD in each of the clinical stages of OSMF. Hence, the present study was designed to estimate serum MDA and SOD clinical stages of OSMF patients and to compare the same with control group to assess the utility of MDA-SOD levels as a prognostic tool with high validity and reliability.
| Materials and Methods | | |
A total of sixty participants attended the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, constituted the study groups for this case–control study. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. The study cases were divided into two groups, namely, control group (Group I) comprised thirty healthy volunteers without any dilatory habits, history of malignancy or any systemic illness or on any medications and case group (Group II) comprised thirty cases of oral submucous fibrosis with no history of malignancy or any systemic illness other than that for oral submucous fibrosis. All the necessary details of case history such as age, gender, habits, extent of the lesion were recorded, and specifically for case group, clinical staging was performed and categorized into three clinical stages on the basis of mouth opening as described by Ranganathan et al. Biopsy was performed after obtaining informed consent from patients. In case group, only those with all clinical and histopathological details were alone recruited for the study.
Histopathological confirmation of OSMF
All the biopsied specimen were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain with standard procedure. The diagnosis of oral submucous fibrosis was made using the criteria defined by Pindborg and Sirsat criteria.
Quantification of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase
A 5 ml of fasting venous blood was collected from antecubital vein with the help of vacutainer under aseptic conditions from all OSMF patients and controls. The collected blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 2 min to separate serum; MDA was measured using the standard procedure. MDA reactive with Thiobarbituric acid at 1000C in acidic medium to give pink color complex. The intensity of color of MDA–TBA complex was measured at 535 nm using spectrophotometer againsts a reagent blank solution. The concentration of MDA was calculated using the molar extinction coefficient of the MDA–TBA complex (1.50 × 105 L mol – 1/cm).
SOD was measured using standard procedure; 0.05 ml of serum was mixed with 2.85 ml of Tris buffer and 0.1 ml of pyrogallol. The optical density was obtained using spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Calculation of SOD was done using the formula and expressed as units/ml of serum C-T/50 × 1000.
Statistical analysis
The obtained results were tabulated accordingly and subjected to statistical analysis using software SPSS 20.0. The Student's test was performed to compare mean MDA levels/SOD levels in case group and control group. Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test was used to compare the three grades of OSMF in case group with corresponding MDA (nmol/dl) levels. For pair-wise comparison of three grades of oral submucous fibrosis with SOD (units/ml) in case group, Mann–Whitney U-test was used. The strength between various stages of OSMF with SOD and MDA was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation analysis. Karl Pearson's correlation was used to assess the direct or inverse relationship between MDA and SOD levels with respect to OSMF group and control group.
| Results | | |
A total of 60 cases out of which 27 (90%) males and 3 (10%) females framed a control group (Group I), whereas 28 (93.3%) males and 2 (6.7%) females constituted OSMF group (Group II). The mean age of presentation of OMF participants was 34.1 ± 8 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]), whereas in controlled participants, mean age was 34.1 ± 8 (mean ± SD) [Table 1]. The mean serum MDA levels and mean serum SOD levels in healthy volunteers was 204.2 ± 3 nmol/dl (Mean ± SD) and 260.1 ± 7 u/ml (Mean ± SD), respectively, whereas in OSMF group, serum MDA levels was 437.8 ± 8 nmol/dl (Mean ± SD) and mean serum SOD was 82.7 ± 26.16 u/ml (Mean ± SD). Comparison of MDA and SOD levels between healthy volunteers and OSMF participants using Student's t-test was statistically significant with P < 0.05 [Table 2]. | Table 1: Distribution and mean and standard deviation of male and females in control and oral submucous fibrosis groups (n=30)
Click here to view |
 | Table 2: Comparison of mean malondialdehyde (nmol/dl) and superoxide dismutase (n/ml) in control and oral submucous fibrosis
Click here to view |
OSMF participants in Stage III demonstrated the highest mean serum MDA level of 502.3 ± 6 nmol/dl (Mean ± SD) followed by OSMF participants with Stage II with mean serum MDA levels of 398.25 ± 7 nmol/dl (mean ± SD) and OSMF cases with Stage I mean serum MDA level of 367.9 ± 2 nMol/dl (mean ± SD). Whereas, SOD levels were high in OSMF cases with Stage I with mean serum SOD level of 123.4 ± 4 u/ml (mean ± SD), In OSMF cases, with Stage II mean serum SOD level was 88.93 ± 23.86 u/ml (mean ± SD) and OSMF participants with Stage III mean serum SOD level was 67.7 ± 20.57 u/ml (mean ± SD) [Table 3]. | Table 3: Comparison of mean malondialdehyde (nmol/dl) and superoxide dismutase (n/ml) with clinical staging in oral submucous fibrosis
Click here to view |
The correlation between various stages of OSMF with SOD (per/ml) and MDA (nmol/dl) by Spearman's rank correlation method indicated a significant (P = 0.0010) moderate inverse relationship between various grades of OSMF with SOD as Spearman R (rs) was 0.5700 and a highly significant (P = 0.00001) direct strong relationship between various grades of OSMF with MDA as Spearman R (rs) was 0.6725 [Table 4]. | Table 4: Correlation between stages with superoxide dismutase (n/ml) and malondialdehyde (nmol/dl) by Spearman's rank correlation method
Click here to view |
Further, using Karl Pearson's correlation between mean MDA and SOD levels in control group showed stastically insignificant (P=0.63) , where as in oral sub mucous fibrosis cases the mean MDA and SOD it showed stastically highly significant (P=0.0015). These findings in the present study indicated for decreased levels of mean serum SOD level and increased mean serum MDA level with increasing clinical stages of OSMF [Table 5]. | Table 5: Correlation between superoxide dismutase (n/ml) and malondialdehyde (nmol/dl) in control and oral submucous fibrosis group by Karl Pearson's correlation method
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic disease affecting the mucosa of the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is damaged by the oxidative stress caused by the ROS.[17]
A number of compounds and enzymes may function to protect cellular components from oxidative damages.[18] The major antioxidant defense system comprised SOD and guaiacol peroxidase appears to be responsible for scavenging free radicals and nascent oxygen.[19] In normal cells, there is an intricate pro-oxidant and antioxidant balance. In oxidative stress conditions, this balance shifts toward pro-oxidants. If the oxidant species production is increased with concomitant prolonged and massive stress, it can result in serious cell damage.[20] Extensive studies with biologic materials have shown clearly that the reactive-free radicals are able to produce chemical modifications in the cells and damage the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotides.[21] To overcome these consequences, cells have antioxidant defense systems which scavenge the free oxygen radicals and suppress free radical chain and lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants play an important role in carcinogenesis.[22] Given the established precancerous nature of oral submucous fibrosis, the present study estimated the levels of lipid peroxidation products MDA and antioxidant enzymes SOD in blood samples of patients diagnosed with oral submucous fibrosis.
Further, imbalance between pro- oxidants and antioxidants in normal cells will causes alterations in functions of cell. If the oxidant species production is increased with concomitant prolonged and massive stress, it can result in serious cell damage.[23] Extensive studies with biologic materials such as serum and plasma have shown clearly that reactive free radicals are able to produce chemical modifications in cell wall, cytoplasm. This may finally result in alterations in the structural components such as protein, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotides and leads to abnormal in cellular function.[24]
Soma et al. in 2004 and Shishir Ram Shetty et al. in 2012 in their study establish that there is significantly augmented plasma levels of MDA in patients with oral submucous fibrosis when compared to that of controls group.[16],[23] In our observations, there is elevation in serum MDA levels in patients with oral submucous fibrosis when compared with controls and MDA level was increased when the clinical stage increases.
Uikey et al. in 2003 and Gurudath et al. in 2012 have shown that SOD levels were decreased in oral submucous fibrosis patients when compared with controls. This observation was statistically significant.[24],[25] Our findings were inconsistent with their observations. Metkari et al. in 2007 showed that the mean level of MDA was elevated and the mean levels of SOD were decreased in oral submucous fibrosis patients, whereas mean MDA was decreased and SOD levels were elevated in control participants. MDA levels were increased when the clinical stage increases and SOD levels were decreased when the clinical stage was increased.[25],[26] In the present study, observations are similar with previse studies.
Oxidative stress will plays an important role for transformation of malignancy. The estimation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the serum of patients with oral submucous fibrosis and control can assess the degree of damage of the cells and progression of diseases. Further, treatment can be improved once correcting the underlying deficiency of antioxidants, this may be helpful for the successful management. By estimating oxidative stress in the early stages of oral submucous fibrosis, we can prevent malignant transformation. However, the present study is unique in its way by demonstrating statistically significant moderate inverse relationship between mean serum MDA levels and SOD levels with respect to oral submucous fibrosis group.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank Dr. L. Krishna Prasad, Principal and Dr. T. Krishna Mohan, Director SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, for their continued support to research in the field of oral pathology.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. A Text Book of Oral Pathology. 3 rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunder Publication; 1983.  |
| 2. | Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Gupta PC, Daftary DK, Pindborg JJ, Mehta FS. Etiology of oral submucous fibrosis with special reference to the role of areca nut chewing. J Oral Pathol Med 1995;24:145-52. |
| 3. | Neville BW, Allen CM, Damm DD, Bouquot JE. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunder Company; 1995. |
| 4. | Ahuja SS, Agrawal GD. Submucous fibrosis of the oral mucosa. J Oral Med 1971;26:35-6. |
| 5. | Seedat HA, van Wyk CW. Betel chewing and dietary habits of chewers without and with submucous fibrosis and with concomitant oral cancer. S Afr Med J 1988;74:572-5. |
| 6. | Daftary DK, Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ. Risk factors and risk markers for oral cancer in high incidence areas of the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991. |
| 7. | Ranganathan K, Umedevi M, Joshua E, Bhaedwaj A, Rooban T, Viswanathan R. Mouth opening, check flexibility and tongue protrusion parameters of 800 normal patients in Chennai, South India – A base line study to enable assessment of alteration in oral submucous fibrosis. J Indian Dent Assoc 2001;72:78-80. |
| 8. | Shah N, Sharma PP. Role of chewing and smoking habits in the etiology of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF): A case-control study. J Oral Pathol Med 1998;27:475-9. |
| 9. | Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Pindborg JJ, Daftary DK, Gupta PC, Mehta FS. Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17-year period. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1985;13:340-1. |
| 10. | Pindborg JJ, Mehta FS, Gupta PC, Daftary DK. Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis among 50,915 Indian villagers. Br J Cancer 1968;22:646-54. |
| 11. | Tilakaratne WM, Klinikowski MF, Saku T, Peters TJ, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral submucous fibrosis: Review on aetiology and pathogenesis. Oral Oncol 2006;42:561-8. |
| 12. | Tseng SK, Chang MC, Su CY, Chi LY, Chang JZ, Tseng WY, et al. Arecoline induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity to human endothelial cells. Clin Oral Investig 2012;16:1267-73. |
| 13. | Ray G, Husain SA. Oxidants, antioxidants and carcinogenesis. Indian J Exp Biol 2002;40:1213-32. |
| 14. | Rai B, Kharb S, Jain R, Anand SC. Salivary lipid peroxidation product malonaldehyde in various dental diseases. World J Med Sci 2006;1:100-1. |
| 15. | Marnett LJ. Lipid peroxidation-DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Mutat Res 1999;424:83-95. |
| 16. | Shetty SR, Babu SG, Kumari S, Rao V, Vijay R, Karikal A. Malondialdehyde levels in oral sub mucous fibrosis: A clinicopathological and biochemical study. N Am J Med Sci 2012;4:125-8. |
| 17. | Beevi SS, Rasheed AM, Geetha A. Evaluation of oxidative stress and nitric oxide levels in patients with oral cavity cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2004;34:379-85. |
| 18. | Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44-84. |
| 19. | Pindborg JJ. Incidence and early forms of OSMF. J Oral Surg 1980;10:307-12. |
| 20. | Yokoe H, Nomura H, Yamano Y, Fushimi K, Sakamoto Y, Ogawara K, et al. Alteration of extracellular superoxide dismutase expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype of oral squamous-cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2010;1:585-90. |
| 21. | Freeman BA, Crapo JD. Biology of disease: Free radicals and tissue injury. Lab Invest 1982;47:412-26. |
| 22. | Fiaschi AI, Cozzolino A, Ruggiero G, Giorgi G. Glutathione, ascorbic acid and antioxidant enzymes in the tumor tissue and blood of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2005;9:361-7. |
| 23. | Soma G, Reddy MV, Harinath BC. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in etiopathogenesis and management of oral submucous fibrosis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2004;19 Suppl 1:138-41. |
| 24. | Uikey AK, Hazarey VK, Vaidhya SM. Estimation of serum antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in oral submucous fibrosis: A biochemical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2003;7:44-5. [Full text] |
| 25. | Gurudath S, Ganapathy K, Sujatha D, Pai A, Ballal S, Asha ML. Estimation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in oral submucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia and oral cancer – A comparative study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;13:4409-12. |
| 26. | Metkari SB, Tupkari JV, Barpande SR. An estimation of serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and vitamin A in oral submucous fibrosis and its clinicopathologic correlation. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2007;11:23-7. [Full text] |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Oral Submucous Fibrosis: Etiological Mechanism, Malignant Transformation, Therapeutic Approaches and Targets |
|
| Xiaofeng Qin, Yujie Ning, Liming Zhou, Youming Zhu | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5): 4992 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Depleting levels of endogenous anti-oxidant superoxide dismutase in oral sub-mucous fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Khadijah Mohideen, C. Krithika, Nadeem Jeddy, Shaheen Shamsuddin, Sulphi Abdul Basheer, Shan Sainudeen, Asma Ahmed Alomar, Samirah Ahmed Sahly, Shazia Mushtaq, A. Thirumal Raj, Alessio Zanza, Luca Testarelli, Shankargouda Patil | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Chemoprevention of Oral Submucous Fibrosis |
|
| Luciano Saso, Ahmad Reza, Emily Ng, Kimtrang Nguyen, Sheng Lin, Pangzhen Zhang, Paolo Junior Fantozzi, Guliz Armagan, Umberto Romeo, Nicola Cirillo | | Antioxidants. 2022; 11(5): 868 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Molecular Mechanisms of Malignant Transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis by Different Betel Quid Constituents—Does Fibroblast Senescence Play a Role? |
|
| Pangzhen Zhang, Nathaniel Quan En Chua, Simon Dang, Ashleigh Davis, Kah Wee Chong, Stephen S. Prime, Nicola Cirillo | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3): 1637 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
A Meta-Analysis in Assessing Oxidative Stress Using Malondialdehyde in Oral Submucous Fibrosis |
|
| Khadijah Mohideen, Chandrasekaran Krithika, Nadeem Jeddy, Sameena Parveen, T. Radhika, S. Leena Sankari | | European Journal of Dentistry. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
