Proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes are important elements of health care office infection control programme. Correct procedure will help protect health care workers, patients and the local community. If properly designed and applied, waste management can be a relatively effective and an efficient compliance-related practice. This review article discusses about the various types of waste, its management and the hazards of indiscriminate disposal of hospital waste and in brief about dental waste management.

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Biopsied tissue is cut into thin slices and stained suitably for microscopical examination. Enabling the tissue for sectioning by paraffin embedding is known as tissue processing. The three most commonly employed means of tissue processing are routine manual method, rapid manual method and the microwave method. In this study, sections obtained from the same site of the same tissue were processed by these three methods and stained by hematoxylin and eosin. These sections were then microscopically evaluated by various parameters to compare the three methods. The results that were obtained, after subjecting to statistical analysis, showed no significant differences between the three different processes in terms of quality of staining, clarity of nucleo-cytoplasmic differentiation in various cells and the presence of artifacts. Tissue shrinkage was less in microwave-processed tissue as compared to the other methods. Microwave tissue processing was also found to be more cost-effective than other methods.

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Recently, there has been growing interest in studies that concern with reactive oxygen species in various diseases. Several studies have shown the role of oxidant-antioxidants system in the causation and progression of various types of cancer including oral cancer. However, considering its high prevalence in India and the potential to undergo malignant transformation oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has not been widely investigated with respect to lipid peroxidation and antioxidants. This definitely has developed a responsibility over the oral pathologists to find out the exact role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in OSF. With this view in mind, the present study was undertaken and an attempt was made to correlate the serum levels of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin A in relation to clinical and histopathological grading of OSF. The progressively increased MDA and progressively decreased SOD and vitamin A levels has positive correlation with clinical grades of OSF.

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Introduction: Oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis (OSMF), oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are the commonly occurring oral diseases, with characteristic clinical and histological features. These diseases at some stage are associated with chronic inflammation in adjacent connective tissue. Mast cells are the local residents of the connective tissue, and are said to be pro-inflammatory, immunoamplifying in action and producing mitogenic cytokines. These functions of mast cells may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of other oral diseases. Aims: This study was done to histologically evaluate the number of mast cells in tissue sections of oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis, lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Five cases each of normal oral mucosa, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma were studied for mast cell number using 1% Toluidine blue. Results: Increase in mast cell number were seen in all the four above mentioned oral diseases, with the highest mast cell count obtained in oral lichen planus. The mast cell number/sq.mm in oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis, lichen planus, squamous cell carcinoma were; 59.50, 48.25, 59.75 and 56.75 respectively. Conclusion: As compared to normal oral mucosa, increase in the mast cell number was noted in all the four conditions. Mast cell hyperplasia in oral leukoplakia, OSMF, OLP, OSCC suggests their probable role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

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Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is an uncommon non-neoplastic lesion of the bones, usually affecting the long bones and spine. The rare jaw lesions are encountered in the body and ramus of the mandible. Commonly reported in the second and third decades of life, ABC's are characterized by a rapid growth pattern with resultant bony expansion and facial asymmetry. Surgical management usually consists of surgical curettage or resection. This paper describes a case of ABC in a 21-year-old female, that presented as an expansile bony mass in the parasymphyseal region. A brief review of existing literature on ABC is also made.

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Double lip is an uncommon oral anomaly, which occurs mostly in the upper lip. It may be congenital or acquired and occurs as an isolated case or in association with other lesions. Cheilitis glandularis is a rare inflammatory disease that affects minor salivary glands and their ducts, predominantly those of the lower lip. In this article, we report a case of double lip and cheilitis glandularis in the upper lip of a 14-year-old female patient. An overview of the etiology, clinical presentation, histopathologic features and treatment are discussed.

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Background: The interest in oral candidosis has waxed and waned from the period of Hippocrates. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has certainly bolstered these figures on oral candidosis, with diabetes and oral cancer being no exception. A need for rapid detection of Candida is made possible by the use of Calcofluor - White (CFW) stain when examined under a fluorescence microscope. The present study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of CFW is compared to Gram stain and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) in detection of Candida in oral precancer and cancer. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of patients with precancer (n=45), cancer (n=45), and control group (n=45). Presence of Candida was confirmed by culture inoculation along with a germ tube and carbohydrate fermentation test. The cytopathological smears were analyzed by papanicolaou - CFW and Gram staining, whereas, tissue sections were stained by PAS and CFW staining. Results: Candida albicans was the predominant species identified. A highly significant association of Candida was seen more often in cancer than in precancer. Both in cytology and histopathology Candida detection by CFW was higher. In precancer it was 48.88% in smears and 40% in tissue sections, whereas, in cancer 60% in smears and 55.55% in histopathology. Conclusion: Among the various diagnostic tools used in the present study, the use of CFW is seen to be a simple, effective, rapid, and reliable method, both in cytopathology and histopathology.

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Osteoma are benign osteogenic lesions characterized by proliferation of either cancellous or compact bone and can be central, peripheral or extraskeletal. They may arise in medullary (endosteal) bone or on the bone surface as a polypoid or sessile mass (periosteal). The most common site is in the skull. When affecting the facial bones, they are frequently found in the mandible, the most common locations being the posterior lingual surface and the mandible angle area. Here, a case of osteoid osteoma of the mandible in a 43-year-old female patient is presented with a literature review.

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Spontaneous regression of malignant neoplasms is an extremely rare event. However, it is reported virtually in all types of human cancer, including oral cancer. The induction of spontaneous regression may involve multiple mechanisms which may be either differentiation or cell death. Better understanding of the process of spontaneous regression may offer the possibility of improved methods of treating and preventing cancer.

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Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, progressive, scarring disease, that predominantly affects people of South-East Asian origin. This review article discusses the etiology, clinical features, epidemiology, pathology and management of oral submucous fibrosis in detail.

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Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) has a multifactorial etiology. Recent investigations have shown the role of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in the causation of OSMF. A study of 35 cases showed a significant linear increase of plasma FDP levels with an increase in the clinical grade. Comparison with the histological grade of OSMF showed an increase in plasma FDP levels with increase in histological grade of OSMF, but was not statistically significant. Plasma FDP is reported to be an early indicator of fibrin deposition. When the plasma FDP increases, the fibrin deposited also increases. This strengthens the finding that OSMF is primarily a change of connective tissue causing excessive deposition of fibrin. This in turn leads to restriction of mouth opening.

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Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a diverse collection of inherited diseases that exhibit quantitative or qualitative tooth enamel defects in the absence of systemic manifestations. Also known by varied names such as Hereditary enamel dysplasia, Hereditary brown enamel, Hereditary brown opalescent teeth, this defect is entirely ectodermal, since mesodermal components of the teeth are basically normal. The AI trait can be transmitted by either autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked modes of inheritance. Genes implicated in autosomal forms are genes encoding enamel matrix proteins, namely: enamelin and ameloblastin, tuftelin, MMP-20 and kallikrein - 4. This article presents a case reported to Dr. D. Y. Patil, Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India, along with a review of this often seen clinical entity.

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The presence of teeth at birth or within a month post-delivery is a rare condition. A newborn, a 2 days old female, with two mandibular incisor natal teeth was examined. The teeth were mobile and were extracted because of the fear of aspiration and refusal to feed. The purpose of this report is to review the literature related to natal teeth epidemiology and discuss their possible etiology and treatment.

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Neutrophils are granulocytes, which form an essential component of the cellular innate system involved in killing bacteria and fungi. They play critical role in host defence by phagocytizing and digesting microorganisms and inappropriate activation of neutrophils may result in damage to normal host tissues. The structure, functions of neutrophils, mechanism of controlling periodontal bacteria, and neutrophilic abnormalities with oral manifestations are discussed in this article.

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% to 95% of all oral malignancies. Though its diagnosis seldom presents difficulty, it is the cancer staging and histopathological grading that are important to prognostication; and micronuclei are good prognostic indicators. Micronucleus frequencies in oral exfoliated cells stained with papanicolaou stain were counted and correlated with the histopathological grades and clinical stages of squamous cell carcinoma patients. They were also compared with healthy control subjects. Micronuclei (MN) frequencies were found higher in squamous cell carcinoma patients than in control subjects. MN frequencies were also found to be raised with increasing histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma.

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Mucormycosis is a fungal infection commonly affecting structures in the head and neck, such as air sinuses orbits and the brain. Common predisposing factors include diabetes and immunosuppression. One such case of mucormycosis associated with diabetes mellitus reported to Subharati Dental College, Meerut.

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The aim of the present study was to estimate the serum status of antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) which is a precancerous condition common in Indian subcontinent. A total of sixty subjects were included in the study comprising of 30 cases of oral submucous fibrosis and 30 healthy controls. The haemolysate levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPX) were estimated using Ciba corning express plus autoanalyzer for spectrometry. In OSF, serum antioxidant enzyme levels were found to be decreased (mean SOD 86.63±20.36 and mean GPX 1.50±0.30 U/ml) compared to the control group (mean SOD 127.1±18.14 and mean GPX 2.71±0.43 U/ml). The results suggest that low values of SOD and GPX may be associated with the development of carcinoma in oral submucous fibrosis.

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This is a report of a unique case of lateral facial cleft (Tessier 7 soft tissue) combined with a posterior maxillary cleft (Tessier 6 skeletal) and mandibular hypoplasia presented in an eight-year-old boy. The varied clinical findings, along with the rarity of the occurrence, mandate documentation of this entity and a thorough review of literature.

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The presence of the handling artefacts in the oral biopsy specimens prevents accurate histopathological diagnosis of oral lesions. The aim of this study is to compare these artefacts ascribed to the technique of punch biopsy with those occurring in conventional scalpel / wedge biopsy and to suggest some techniques for minimizing the same. Fifty oral biopsies were performed, 25 each with a disposable biopsy punch and conventional incision with a scalpel. Significantly fewer artefacts were found in the punch biopsy group compared with the incisional biopsy group.

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Myiasis is a rare disease that is mostly reported in developing countries. It is primarily caused by invasion of human body by fly larvae. This case report describes the presentation of myiasis as an ulcerated lesion over the cheek of a 46-year-old man. The myiasis was caused by the larvae of Cochliomyia hominivorax species, which is known to affect people of all age groups. Although this is not a lethal disorder, knowledge of the disease is necessary from a preventive, diagnostic and curative standpoint. This case report describes an efficient and a safe method for the treatment of myiasis.

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Hemimandibular hypertrophy is a unilateral excessive growth of the mandible, which creates facial asymmetry. The condition can occur before or during the adolescent growth spurt but usually becomes apparent only after the adolescent growth spurt, when one side of the mandible continues to grow. The deformity in hemimandibular hypertrophy affects the body as well as the ramus of the mandible. In some patients, the head of the condyle remains approximately normal in size, but the length of the condylar neck increase; while in others, the condylar head enlarges. If progressive deformity requires removing the condylar growth site, the surgical options for the affected side consists of excision of bone at the head of the condyle, then recon touring or repositioning the bony stump which was done in our case, removing the condyle and condylar process and reconstructing the area either with a costrochondral junction transplant or with a free graft. Typically, a downward bowing of the mandibular body exists that can be corrected by removing bone from the lower border on the affected side. In addition, a sagittal split osteotomy on the unaffected side will allow proper positioning of the mandible. In some cases in adults, if the maxilla is canted because of excessive vertical growth on the affected side, maxillary surgery may also be required.

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